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Universal Education: Primary Schools. In England the act of 1870 laid the groundwork for a system of universal education, but it provided for instruction only of children less than 13 years of age. Attendance did not become compulsory until 1880, and though free education was given in most eleŽmentary schools after 1891, fee paying was not completely abolished until 1918. The act that forbade fees also made education to the age of 14 compulsory.
The survey also demonstrated that regardless of the system of education, preparation of the teacher, size of the class, or socio-economic background of the student, the pupils of all the countries tested had almost identical scores up to the end of the period of universal education. For the secondary school test group, however, a definite correlation existed between matheŽmatics scores and the type of training teachers had received. On the basis of the results, there was general agreement among educators in the U.S. that mathematics programs could be greatly improved, particularly those at the eleŽmentary and junior high levels.See Also Writer On Education And Agriculture:HARTLIB, Samuel (died c. 1670), English writer on education and agriculture. Hartlib was born in Elbing, Prussia, the son of an English mother and a Polish father. About 1628 he went to England, where he introduced the works of Comenius on education. He also published pamphlets on a variety of subjects, including reŽligion, education, and husbandry.
Special programs in art, music, science, and education are offered in the Summer Session. In the field of research imporŽtant contributions to pure and applied science have been made by the Agricultural and EngineerŽing experiment stations and by the Narragansett Laboratory of Oceanography and Marine Biology. Technical services for business, industry, labor, and agriculture and general education for adults are offered through the University Extension DiŽvision and the Extension Division in Agriculture and Home Economics.
On The Other Hand See Physical Education Developed:About 70 colleges and universities offer programs to train health education teachers, and the profession is growing. Members of the proŽfession feel strongly that health education should not be considered a part of physical education and that physical education should not be a branch of health education. Some high schools now give a half year to physical education and a half year to health instruction.
During the 19th century, physical education developed in schools and colleges and in orgaŽnizations such as the YMCA. Stress on physical fitness served to establish further the need for health education. See also GYMNASIUM; PHYSIŽCAL EDUCATION.
In the early 20th century, voluntary health agencies impressed upon parents and educators the importance of health for the school child. A study in 1918 on the reorganization of the secŽondary school curriculum incorporated "health" as one of the goals of high school education. |
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