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Pro-vide Health Insurance: The U. S. public has chosen to meet a sizable part of its medical costs through voluntary or private insurance. A variety of organizations exist to serve these needs.
Types of Insurers. Corporate insurers that pro-vide health insurance include stock companies (owned by stockholders), mutual companies (owned by members), hospital associations, and associations of physicians. The stock and mutual companies include both life and nonlife insurance companies. A few companies offer only health in¬surance, but most of .them sell other types of insurance as well.
Historically "assistance" dates back to legis¬lation at the beginning of the 17th century. "Insurance" as a state concern is essentially a product of the 20th century. The enactment of workmen's compensation legislation in 1897 was followed by a state retirement pension in 1908, health and unemployment insurance from 1911, and a contributory pensions scheme from 1925. Whereas assistance was administered by local government authorities, insurance was adminis¬tered primarily by the central government, with some use of private underwriters, particularly in the development of health insurance.See Also World Health Organization:This confer¬ence drew up the first sanitary convention or agreement, but it was not widely ratified by the participating nations, and it soon lapsed. A long series of additional sanitary conferences took place, having their respective international con¬ventions which attempted to govern quarantine throughout the world. In 1948 the World Health Organization was founded, and undertook a study of the international sanitary conventions with a view to bringing them up to date. This or¬ganization avoided the use of conventions which required ratification as treaties, and promul¬gated the International Sanitary Regulations (World Health Organization Regulations No. 2), that can be revised by a vote of member nations.
A health manpower report prepared by the National Commission of Community Health Services showed that the U.S. hospitals and health organizations were maintaining the ratio of 150 doctors per 100,000 population only by filling out one-fifth of their needs with physicians from other countries. The demand for health care had also created serious shortages of nurses and other paramedical personnel. Among the solutions being suggested were new methods of health care organization and govern¬ment support for new or expanded education programs in the health sciences.
On The Other Hand See Health Sciences:Degrees and credentials are offered through the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the Graduate School, and the following professional schools: air science; business administration; education; engineering; fine arts ; humanities ; life sciences; physical education; health sciences educa¬tion and recreation; physical sciences; and so¬cial sciences. There are special preprofessional programs in medicine, dentistry, theology, and law. The library contains well over 200,000 volumes.
In 1968 the Public health sciences Service was reor¬ganized into three separate health sciences agencies: the health sciences Services and Mental health sciences Administra¬tion, the National Institutes of health sciences, and the Consumer Protection and Environmental health sciences -Service, including the Food and Drug Adminis¬tration, one of the agencies originally transferred into the Federal Security Agency in 1939. These three health sciences agencies are directed by the assistant secretary for health sciences and scientific affairs, who is aided by the surgeon general of the Public health sciences Service. |
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