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Medieval Education: Medieval Education.—During the Middle Ages, only sporadic attempts at popular religious education were made, although the ecumenical councils of 680 and 813 A.D. dealt specifically with the education of children. Consistent training was the exception rather than the rule, although there is evidence of such training in Bohemia through¬out this period. Charlemagne (742P-814) intro¬duced educational reforms to raise the educational level of the clergy and to make them in turn re¬sponsible for the education of the people. An occasional catechism appeared which was designed for popular use. It must be remembered, how¬ever, that popular tradition and informal person-to-person education remained strong and in¬fluential.
About 70 colleges and universities offer programs to train health education teachers, and the profession is growing. Members of the pro¬fession feel strongly that health education should not be considered a part of physical education and that physical education should not be a branch of health education. Some high schools now give a half year to physical education and a half year to health instruction.See Also Minis¬ter Of Education In:HATOYAMA, ha-to-ya-ma, Ichiro (1883-1959), Japanese political leader, who was prime minister in the 1950's. He was born in Tokyo on Jan. 1, 1883, and practiced law before entering politics. Elected to the Diet for the first time in 1915, he was cabinet secretary in 1927-1929 and minis¬ter of education in 1931-1934.
Forster's Education Act 1870, which heralded compulsory state edu¬cation, made provision for school boards to ensure attendance but they were not compelled to do so, though later Acts strengthened this aspect. More recent Education Acts, however, have reinstated the right of parents to opt to educate their children 'at home', though this has often been made difficult and met with social and administrative dis¬approbation. This was enshrined in the Education Act 1944 where the term 'education otherwise' was coined, and again in Section 7 of the Education Act 1996 which states:
On The Other Hand See Nit Education And:World War II brought a renewed focus on the role of the school in promoting good health. The traditional equating of health with physical fitness, and health education with physical edu¬cation, was further perpetuated during this pe¬riod. During the 1960's this concept was replaced by the identification of health education as a discipline separate from physical education. The School Health Education Study, init education andiated with private funds in 1961, had the most significant impact in establishing health education as a separate discipline.
At the Saint Louis Expos tion, 1904, he was chief of the departments c education and of social economy, and als director of congresses and editor of the (Pr< ceedings* of the International Congress of Ar and Sciences. In April, 1904, he became fir assistant commissioner of education of tl State of New York, haying charge of highf education. |
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