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Influencing Children: Social factors, like parents, teachers and peers, play a strong role in influencing children's attitudes and behaviour. Adolescents are par¬ticularly guided by friends, while younger children are most influ¬enced by parents, other family members and teachers (Sallis 1995). Toddlers have been found to be especially influenced by parental encouragement for physical activity (Klesges et al. 1986).
The precursor to the developmen¬tal approach to educational psy¬chology, Jean Plaget, revolutionised the study of children with his obser¬vations of four stages of intellectual development.
The psychoanalytic approach to educational psychology is based primarily on the writings of Sigmund Freud, and focuses on the role of emotion in influencing what is learned.See Also Help Their Children With Reading:It is also difficult to show that it is the reading activity itself which produces the results. In an extremely interesting set of experiments in Somerset, in which children with reading problems received no special extra help their children with reading, but had someone to talk with for a short while on a once-a-week basis, Denis Lawrence was able to demonstrate noticeable reading im¬provement.17'18 He argued that reading was a skill highly valued by adults, and children who fail to make progress in reading see themselves to be failing as people.
When, through a combination of methods, children have learned enough words to read in preprimers and primers, they embark on a wide reading program. Their fluency increases as they read all the available material beginning with their present level of reading ability. A Table or shelf of interesting, easy books and children's magazines invites children to browse in their leisure time. Other aids in developing reading ability in the first three grades include oral reading in an audience situation, other social situations requiring reading, bulletin boards and posters, and a graphic record kept by each child to show the progress he is making in reaching the reading goals he has set for himself.
On The Other Hand See Ex¬ceptional Children:Special education includes much more than education in special classes. According to Newland (92, 1956), about 85 per cent of our ex¬ceptional children are in regular classes. Specialists, if available, will help teachers to identify the exceptional children, to understand their special needs, to provide experiences they need, and to participate in case conhomogeneous group, because of great individual differences in problems and in other respects.
Special education includes much more than education in special classes. According to Newland (92, 1956), about 85 per cent of our ex¬ceptional children are in regular classes. Specialists, if available, will help teachers to identify the exceptional children, to understand their special needs, to provide experiences they need, and to participate in case conhomogeneous group, because of great individual differences in problems and in other respects. |
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