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Human Disease Sickle-cell: For a specific example of the way in which genetic in¬formation contained in a particular gene is expressed in an organism, let us consider the case of the human disease sickle-cell anemia. To understand how this disease comes about, one must first look at the function of hemoglobin, which is the protein in red blood cells that picks up oxygen in the lungs and carries it to the body tissues.
Finally, one might ask, why is this mutation not eliminated by natural selection? In Africa, where the disease is common, the mutation has been preserved, most likely because individ¬uals with sickle-cell trait, that is, having only one copy of the mutant gene, have an increased resistance to malaria. We still do not know exactly why. Inasmuch as malaria is very prevalent in those districts where the sickle-cell mutant is commonly found, it appears that the mutant offers a selective advantage to those bearing it.See Also Heart Disease Demands:Thus, this kind of heart disease has been practically eradicated, al¬though rare cases are still encountered in elderly people. Other endocrine disorders affecting the heart are very rare.
Congenital Heart Disease. With the increasing control of rheumatic heart disease it is probable that congenital cardiovascular disease will soon outstrip it in incidence, and with the increasing control of high blood pressure, congenital heart disease will take second place. An interesting statistical fact is that in the 1920's, T. Duckett Jones and Paul Dudley White found that con¬genital heart disease made up only 1.5% of all of 3,000 patients with Signs or symptoms of heart disease.
These principles apply only to those patients D have not suffered severe cardiac damage and do not require the special care that a subject h definite rheumatic heart disease demands, th some kinds of rheumatic heart disease, pa-its are able to lead normal lives; with others, f must periodically adjust their activity. In nen with rheumatic heart disease, pregnancy is ondition that causes special strain and should :ive special care. In general, whether exercise uld be curtailed, whether cardiac drugs should idministered, or whether both approaches should adopted are questions involving decisions that jld be reviewed with a physician. The situation iges constantly, especially as it is modified by :r health conditions.
On The Other Hand See Venereal Disease:Among the unsolved and worsening problems in the U.S. was the new outbreak of venereal disease, particularly gonorrhea, which was re¬ported to have increased 8% from 1965 to 1966. Some success in controlling the epidemic was reported from Pittsburgh, Pa., where a very active public education campaign was waged through all the communications media; for ex¬ample, "syphilis is not a dirty word—it is a dangerous disease." There was now very little difficulty in curing syphilis and gonorrhea, but the high prevalence of venereal disease among teen-agers strongly suggested that ignorance was the main barrier to control. The obvious conclusion was that if parents were not able to provide sex education, they should see to it that the schools offered the protection of knowledge to their children.
Since coronary heart disease has become a leading cause of death in young and middle-aged men in the United States and since there is no really effective cure for it, either surgical or medical, it is essential that the causes of the disease be appraised so that preventive measures can be devised. Studies show that several factors are involved in coronary heart disease, with no single cause being entirely responsible, but the degree of responsibility of each of the many causes is not known. |
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