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His Brother Francois: In this new kind of war, the military genius of Francois de Guise did not serve him well. The only great battle of the first religious war, at Dreux in December 1562, was inconclusive. Soon thereafter, as Francois was preparing to lay siege to Orleans and peace negotiations were under way, he was assassinated by a Huguenot fanatic, Jean Poltrot de Mere, in February 1563.
The primary leadership of the house of Guise now fell on the shoulders of the Cardinal of Lor¬raine. However, Charles was still deeply involved in ecclesiastical affairs.
When the royal government decided in 1576 to try once again a policy of limited toleration of Protestantism, Henri de Guise took the lead in organizing the Holy League (q.v.), an alliance of aristocrats and municipalities that was de¬termined to prevent any toleration of Protestant¬ism. The League received strong support from Spain. At first the object of the League was to press the government of Henry III, who had succeeded to the throne in 1574, to use force agair the Huguenots. But the League moved into op< revolt when it became apparent that the h< to the throne would be Henry of Navarre, tl Huguenot leader: Henry III had no childre and his brother Francois, Duke d'Alengon (lat Duke d'Anjou), died in 1584, before he cou marry.See Also Brother Valerian:GONCHAROV, gun-cha-rof, Ivan Aleksandro-vich (1812-1891), Russian realistic novelist, whose Oblomov is the most admired comic satire on the Russian landed gentry. Son of a rich mer¬chant, Goncharov was bom in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) on June 6, 1812. He graduated from Moscow University in 1834. While serving in the foreign trade .office in St. Petersburg (now Lenin¬grad), he met the poet Apollon Maikov and his 'brother Valerian, the critic; they intensified his interest in writing. This was to be Goncharov's chief avocation during a career of government service, first in the ministry of finance and after 1856 as a censor. He retired in 1867 and died in St. Petersburg on Sept. 15, 1891.
RHADAMANTHUS, rad-a-man'thus, ac¬cording to Greek legend, a son of Zeus and Europa, and brother of Minos, king of Crete. According to another tradition, Rhadamanthus laid the foundation of the Cretan code of laws, which his brother Minos completed. From fear of his brother he is said to have fled to Ocaleia in Boeotia, where he married Alcmene. In the belief of the Greeks, a spirit in the lower world continued the business of life; hence Rhada¬manthus, after his death, was made a judge in the kingdom of Pluto, or the Islands oi Blessed, on account of the-justice of his life had for his associates Aeacus and Minos, name suggests an Egyptian origin of the myt.
On The Other Hand See His Brother Gnaeus:The Romans planned to intercept Hannibal near Massilia (Marseille) and, after dealing with him, to invade Spain. Publius Cornelius Scipio was in charge of this operation, while Tiberius Sempronius led another army in Sicily, destined for Africa. However, Scipio had to send his legions to deal with a Gallic revolt, and by the time he raised new legions and reached Massilia by sea, he learned that he had missed Hannibal by only a few days. Realizing the importance of Spain to Hannibal's war plan, Scipio sent his brother Gnaeus to Spain with the army to hold Hasdrubal in check. Scipio himself returned to northern Italy, took command of another army, and awaited Hannibal's arrival.
Caesar was uniformly victorious, defeating Pompey's generals at Ilerda (modern Lerida) in Spain in 49; Pompey himself at Pharsalus (modern Phar-sala) in Thessaly in 48; Sextus Pompeius at us, near modern Sousse, Tunisia, in 46; the final battle of the war, both Sextus eius and Gnaeus Pompeius at Munda in in 45. Pompey fled to Egypt after Phar-i and was killed; Gnaeus Pompeius lost his Munda. In 46, Caesar had been made for 10 years; he was confirmed in this I when he returned to Rome after Munda, the following year he was made dictator He dictator, Caesar introduced various re-He revised the calendar, extended Roman nship, founded colonies, and made changes i the agrarian laws. |
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